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high-illumination level

  • 1 высокий уровень освещённости

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > высокий уровень освещённости

  • 2 уровень

    (напр. точности) echelon, column, grade, ( иерархической структуры) layer вчт., ( прибор) builder's level, carpenter's level, mechanic's level, level, surface гидр., (напр. подземных вод) table
    * * *
    у́ровень м.
    1. ( прибор) level
    поверя́ть у́ровень — test the level for adjustment
    поменя́ть места́ми концы́ у́ровня — reverse [turn] the level end-for-end
    ста́вить ре́йку по у́ровню — keep a rod plumb by a level
    2. (степень величины, значимости и т. п.) level
    доводи́ть у́ровень до … — bring up the level to …; bring up the level flush with …
    доли́ть до норма́льного у́ровня — top up the level
    измеря́ть у́ровень в ба́ке — gauge a tank
    над у́ровнем земли́ — above ground level, above grade
    на одно́м у́ровне с … — flush [level] with …
    не допуска́ть превыше́ния у́ровня вы́ше отме́тки ПО́ЛНО — never carry the level above the FULL mark
    привя́зывать у́ровень элк. — clamp [fix] the level
    располага́ться на у́ровне — чего-л. be located on the level of …
    устана́вливаться на постоя́нном у́ровне — level off
    акце́пторный у́ровень — acceptor level
    у́ровень бе́лого тлв. — write level
    у́ровень бланки́рования тлв. — blanking level
    бруско́вый у́ровень — block level
    у́ровень возбужде́ния — excitation level
    возбуждё́нный у́ровень — excited level
    у́ровень высо́ких вод — high-water level
    у́ровень гаше́ния тлв. — blanking level
    геодези́ческий у́ровень — geodetic level
    гидростати́ческий у́ровень — hydrostatic level
    у́ровень гро́мкости — loudness level
    у́ровень грунто́вых вод — ground water table, ground water level
    дискре́тный у́ровень — discrete level
    довери́тельный у́ровень мат. — confidence level
    до́норный у́ровень полупр. — donor level
    у́ровень за́писи — recording level
    запо́лненный у́ровень вчт. — occupied level
    у́ровень заря́да ( аккумулятора) — the state of charge
    у́ровень за́сыпи ( доменной печи) — stock line
    у́ровень звуково́го давле́ния — sound level
    у́ровень земли́ стр. — grade
    у́ровень зна́чимости — significance level, level of significance
    у́ровень излуче́ния — radiation level
    у́ровень изоля́ции — insulation level
    у́ровень инве́рсии ( населённости) — inversion level
    у́ровень инве́рсии, поро́говый — inversion threshold
    у́ровень инже́кции полупр. — injection level
    у́ровень интегра́ции — integration level
    у́ровень интенси́вности — intensity level
    у́ровень иониза́ции — ionization level
    ионизи́рованный у́ровень — ionized level
    у́ровень квантова́ния — quantization level
    у́ровень кисло́тности — acidity level
    у́ровень коди́рования ( в кодирующей ЭЛТ) — quantum [quantizing] level
    контро́льный у́ровень — reference level
    у́ровень ме́женных вод — low-water level
    у́ровень мо́ря — sea level
    над у́ровнем мо́ря — above sea level
    приводи́ть к у́ровню мо́ря — reduce to sea level
    у́ровень мо́ря, сре́дний — mean sea level
    у́ровень мо́щности — power level
    у́ровень нака́чки элк. — pumping level
    у́ровень нивели́ра, приставно́й — striding level
    у́ровень нивели́ра, пузырько́вый — bubble (level)
    установи́ть (пузырько́вый) у́ровень нивели́ра в нуль-пункт — centre the bubble
    нулево́й у́ровень
    1. ( исходный) геод. datum (reference) level
    2. эл. zero level
    у́ровень ограниче́ния элк. — limiting level
    у́ровень освещё́нности — illumination level
    у́ровень отсе́чки — cut-off level
    у́ровень перегру́зки — overload level
    у́ровень переда́чи — transmission level
    у́ровень перехо́дного разгово́ра — cross-talk level
    подпо́рный у́ровень [ПУ] гидр. — pond [headwater] level
    у́ровень поме́х — noise level
    поро́говый у́ровень — threshold level
    у́ровень прилипа́ния физ. — capture [trapping] level
    при́месный у́ровень полупр. — impurity level
    у́ровень разря́да ( аккумулятора) — the state of discharge
    ра́мный у́ровень — frame level
    у́ровень с отве́сом — carpenter's level
    спиртово́й у́ровень — spirit level
    у́ровень стоя́нки ( землеройной машины) — the natural surface of the ground (on which the earth-moving machine rests)
    у́ровень Та́мма — Tamm state
    у́ровень тона́льного вы́зова тлф. — call tone volume
    у́ровень управле́ния вчт. — level of the hierarchy
    у́ровень устано́вки ( экскаватора) — natural ground, the natural surface of the ground (on which the machine rests)
    у́ровень Фе́рми — Fermi level
    у́ровень фо́на — hum [background noise] level
    форси́рованный у́ровень — surcharged reservoir level
    у́ровень «черне́е чё́рного» тлв. — blacker-than-black level
    у́ровень чё́рного тлв. — black level
    энергети́ческий у́ровень физ. — (energy) level
    достра́ивать энергети́ческий у́ровень по́лностью — complete a level
    занима́ть энергети́ческий у́ровень — occupy a level
    заполня́ть энергети́ческий у́ровень — fill a level
    находи́ться на энергети́ческом у́ровне — reside at a … level
    переходи́ть с у́ровня на у́ровень — move [jump] from a level (in)to a level
    энергети́ческий, враща́тельный у́ровень — rotational level
    энергети́ческий, глубо́кий у́ровень — deep(-lying) state
    энергети́ческий, за́нятый у́ровень — occupied [filled] level
    энергети́ческий, запо́лненный у́ровень — filled [occupied] level
    энергети́ческий у́ровень захва́та — trapping level
    энергети́ческий, изоли́рованный у́ровень — single level
    энергети́ческий, колеба́тельный у́ровень — vibrational level
    энергети́ческий, наибо́лее глубо́кий у́ровень — innermost level
    энергети́ческий, незапо́лненный у́ровень — empty [vacant, unoccupied] level
    энергети́ческий, низколежа́щий у́ровень — low-lying level
    энергети́ческий, основно́й у́ровень — ground level
    энергети́ческий, пове́рхностный у́ровень — surface level
    энергети́ческий, при́месный у́ровень — impurity level
    этало́нный у́ровень — reference level

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > уровень

  • 3 calle

    intj.
    you don't say, how extraordinary, what do you know.
    f.
    1 street, road.
    ¿qué se opina en la calle? what does the man in the street think?
    el lenguaje de la calle everyday language
    calle arriba/abajo up/down the street
    calle mayor main street
    calle peatonal pedestrian precinct
    calle principal main street
    2 lane (en atletismo, natación). (peninsular Spanish)
    3 terrace.
    pres.subj.
    1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: callar.
    * * *
    1 street, road
    2 DEPORTE lane
    \
    dejar a alguien en la calle (sin trabajo) to fire somebody 2 (sin casa) to leave somebody homeless
    doblar la calle to turn the corner
    echar a alguien de patitas en la calle to throw somebody out, kick somebody out
    echar/tirar por la calle de en medio figurado to go ahead regardless/take the middle course
    hacer la calle (prostituta) to walk the streets
    llevar a alguien por la calle de la amargura to give somebody a tough time
    quedarse en la calle (sin trabajo) to be left jobless 2 (sin casa) to be homeless
    * * *
    noun f.
    street, road
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=vía pública) street; [con más tráfico] road

    • calle abajo — down the street

    • calle arriba — up the street

    - se los lleva a todos de calle
    - llevar o traer a algn por la calle de la amargura

    calle cerrada Ven, Col, Méx —

    calle ciega Ven, Col —

    calle cortada — Cono Sur dead end, dead-end street, cul-de-sac

    calle de sentido único, calle de una mano Cono Sur —

    calle de un solo sentido — Chile one-way street

    calle peatonal — pedestrianized street, pedestrian street

    calle sin salida — cul-de-sac, dead end, dead end street

    aplanar 1., 1), cabo 2)
    2) (=no casa)
    a)

    • la calle, he estado todo el día en la calle — I've been out all day

    • irse a la calle — to go out, go outside

    ¡iros a la calle a jugar! — go and play outside!

    • salir a la calle — (=persona) to go outside; (=disco, publicación) to come out

    - coger la calle
    - poner a algn de patitas en la calle
    b)

    • de calle, ropa de calle — (=no de estar en casa) clothes for wearing outside the house ; (=no de gala) everyday clothes pl

    iba vestido de calle — (Mil) he was wearing civilian clothes, he was wearing civvies *

    3)

    la calle — (=gente) the public

    4) (Natación, Atletismo) lane; (Golf) fairway
    5) (Aer)

    calle de rodadura, calle de rodaje — taxiway

    * * *
    1)
    a) (camino, vía) street

    esa calle no tiene salida — that's a no through road, that street o road is a dead end

    de calle: traje/vestido de calle everyday suit/dress; aplanar calles (AmL fam) to loaf around; echar a alguien a la calle to throw somebody out (on the street); echarse or salir a la calle to take to the streets; echar or tirar por la calle de en medio to take the middle course; en la calle <estar/quedar> ( en la ruina) penniless; ( sin vivienda) homeless; ( sin trabajo) out of work; hacer la calle (fam) to work the streets (colloq); llevarse a alguien de calle (fam): se las lleva a todas de calle he has all the girls chasing after him (colloq); llevar or traer a alguien por la calle de la amargura — (fam) to make somebody's life a misery (colloq)

    2) (Esp) (en atletismo, natación) lane; ( en golf) fairway
    * * *
    = street, thoroughfare, fairway.
    Ex. Peter was trying to convince himself that it wasn't his fault as he navigated the glistening slippery streets.
    Ex. Information kiosks are located in public thoroughfares, shopping malls, airports and railway stations.
    Ex. A selected fairway on each golf course was equipped with water meters to assess irrigation volumes on a bimonthly basis.
    ----
    * abarrotar las calles = come out in + force, be out in force.
    * accidente en la calle = street accident.
    * aglomerar las calles = be out in force, come out in + force.
    * a nivel de calle = on the ground level.
    * a nivel de la calle = at ground level.
    * a ras de la calle = ground-floor.
    * buscar trabajo en la calle = work + the streets.
    * calle comercial = shopping mile.
    * calle de natación = swim lane.
    * calle de rodadura = taxiway.
    * calle de rodaje = taxiway.
    * calle de tiendas = shopping street.
    * calle estrecha = lane.
    * calle mayor, la = main street, the.
    * calle peatonal = pedestrian street.
    * calle principal, la = high street, the, main street, the.
    * criado en la calle = street-smart.
    * curtido en la calle = street-smart.
    * dar a la calle = give onto + the street.
    * diagrama de calles de natación = swim lane diagram.
    * directorio comercial por calles = street directory.
    * echar a la calle = evict, throw + Nombre + out.
    * echarse a la calle = take to + the road, take to + the streets.
    * echarse a la calles = spill (out) into + the streets.
    * el hombre de la calle = the average Joe.
    * en la calle = out-of-home.
    * esquina de una calle = street corner.
    * estar con amigos en la calle pasando el rato sin hacer nada = hang out + on the street.
    * formado por gente cotidiana de la calle = grassroots [grass-roots].
    * hombre de la calle = layman [laymen, -pl.], lay person [layperson].
    * hombre de la calle, el = common man, the, man-on-the-street, man in the street, the.
    * lanzarse a la calle = take to + the streets.
    * lenguaje de la calle = street slang.
    * llenar las calles = be out in force, come out in + force.
    * niño de la calle = waif.
    * nivel de la calle = road-level.
    * poner de patitas en la calle = give + Nombre + the boot, sack, boot (out), give + Nombre + the sack, turf out.
    * poner en la calle = evict.
    * recogida en la calle = kerbside collection, curbside collection.
    * recorrer las calles = pound + the streets.
    * ropa de calle = street clothes.
    * salir a la calle = go out, hit + the streets.
    * salir a la calle en avalancha = spill (out) into + the streets.
    * salir corriendo a la calle = run into + the street.
    * situado a nivel de la calle = ground-floor.
    * situado en la calle comercial = shop-front [shopfront] .
    * tirarse a la calle = go out on + the road.
    * tirarse a las calles = spill (out) into + the streets.
    * trabajar como prostituta en la calle = work + the streets.
    * vagancia en las calles = loitering.
    * vivir en la calle = take to + the road.
    * zapato de calle = walking shoe.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (camino, vía) street

    esa calle no tiene salida — that's a no through road, that street o road is a dead end

    de calle: traje/vestido de calle everyday suit/dress; aplanar calles (AmL fam) to loaf around; echar a alguien a la calle to throw somebody out (on the street); echarse or salir a la calle to take to the streets; echar or tirar por la calle de en medio to take the middle course; en la calle <estar/quedar> ( en la ruina) penniless; ( sin vivienda) homeless; ( sin trabajo) out of work; hacer la calle (fam) to work the streets (colloq); llevarse a alguien de calle (fam): se las lleva a todas de calle he has all the girls chasing after him (colloq); llevar or traer a alguien por la calle de la amargura — (fam) to make somebody's life a misery (colloq)

    2) (Esp) (en atletismo, natación) lane; ( en golf) fairway
    * * *
    = street, thoroughfare, fairway.

    Ex: Peter was trying to convince himself that it wasn't his fault as he navigated the glistening slippery streets.

    Ex: Information kiosks are located in public thoroughfares, shopping malls, airports and railway stations.
    Ex: A selected fairway on each golf course was equipped with water meters to assess irrigation volumes on a bimonthly basis.
    * abarrotar las calles = come out in + force, be out in force.
    * accidente en la calle = street accident.
    * aglomerar las calles = be out in force, come out in + force.
    * a nivel de calle = on the ground level.
    * a nivel de la calle = at ground level.
    * a ras de la calle = ground-floor.
    * buscar trabajo en la calle = work + the streets.
    * calle comercial = shopping mile.
    * calle de natación = swim lane.
    * calle de rodadura = taxiway.
    * calle de rodaje = taxiway.
    * calle de tiendas = shopping street.
    * calle estrecha = lane.
    * calle mayor, la = main street, the.
    * calle peatonal = pedestrian street.
    * calle principal, la = high street, the, main street, the.
    * criado en la calle = street-smart.
    * curtido en la calle = street-smart.
    * dar a la calle = give onto + the street.
    * diagrama de calles de natación = swim lane diagram.
    * directorio comercial por calles = street directory.
    * echar a la calle = evict, throw + Nombre + out.
    * echarse a la calle = take to + the road, take to + the streets.
    * echarse a la calles = spill (out) into + the streets.
    * el hombre de la calle = the average Joe.
    * en la calle = out-of-home.
    * esquina de una calle = street corner.
    * estar con amigos en la calle pasando el rato sin hacer nada = hang out + on the street.
    * formado por gente cotidiana de la calle = grassroots [grass-roots].
    * hombre de la calle = layman [laymen, -pl.], lay person [layperson].
    * hombre de la calle, el = common man, the, man-on-the-street, man in the street, the.
    * lanzarse a la calle = take to + the streets.
    * lenguaje de la calle = street slang.
    * llenar las calles = be out in force, come out in + force.
    * niño de la calle = waif.
    * nivel de la calle = road-level.
    * poner de patitas en la calle = give + Nombre + the boot, sack, boot (out), give + Nombre + the sack, turf out.
    * poner en la calle = evict.
    * recogida en la calle = kerbside collection, curbside collection.
    * recorrer las calles = pound + the streets.
    * ropa de calle = street clothes.
    * salir a la calle = go out, hit + the streets.
    * salir a la calle en avalancha = spill (out) into + the streets.
    * salir corriendo a la calle = run into + the street.
    * situado a nivel de la calle = ground-floor.
    * situado en la calle comercial = shop-front [shopfront].
    * tirarse a la calle = go out on + the road.
    * tirarse a las calles = spill (out) into + the streets.
    * trabajar como prostituta en la calle = work + the streets.
    * vagancia en las calles = loitering.
    * vivir en la calle = take to + the road.
    * zapato de calle = walking shoe.

    * * *
    A
    1 (camino, vía) street
    las principales calles comerciales the main shopping streets
    cruza la calle cross the street o road
    esa calle no tiene salida that's a no through road, that street o road is a dead end
    el colegio está dos calles más arriba the school is two blocks up o two streets further up
    2
    (en sentido más amplio): hace una semana que no salgo a la calle I haven't been out for a week
    mañana el periódico saldrá a la calle por última vez tomorrow the newspaper will hit the newsstands o will come out o will be printed for the last time
    me lo encontré en la calle I bumped into him in the street
    lo que opina el hombre de la calle what the man in the street thinks
    el lenguaje de la calle everyday language
    se crió en la calle she grew up on the streets
    de calle: traje/vestido de calle everyday suit/dress
    aplanar calles ( AmL fam); to loaf around, hang around (on) the streets
    echar a algn a la calle to throw sb out (on the street)
    echarse a la calle to take to the streets
    echar or tirar por la calle de en medio to take the middle course
    en la calle (sin vivienda) homeless; (sin trabajo) out of work o out of a job
    estar en la calle «periódico/revista» to be on sale
    hacer la calle ( fam); to work the streets ( colloq)
    llevarse a algn de calle ( fam): se las lleva a todas de calle he has all the girls chasing after him ( colloq)
    salir a la calle «persona» to go out; «periódico/revista» to go on sale, to come out
    Compuestos:
    (Andes, Ven) no through road, dead end, cul-de-sac ( BrE)
    one-way street
    ● calle de doble sentido or dirección
    two-way street
    one-way street
    ( RPl) one-way street
    ( Col) one-way street
    ( Chi) one-way street
    pedestrian street
    main street ( AmE), high street ( BrE)
    B (en atletismo, natación) lane; (en golf) fairway
    Compuesto:
    calle de rodadura or rodaje
    taxiway, taxi strip
    * * *

     

    Del verbo callar: ( conjugate callar)

    callé es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    calle es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    c/    
    callar    
    calle
    c/ (
    ◊ calle) St, Rd

    callar ( conjugate callar) verbo intransitivo
    to be quiet, shut up (colloq);
    no pude hacerlo calle I couldn't get him to be quiet;
    hacer calle a la oposición to silence the opposition
    verbo transitivo
    a) ‹secreto/información› to keep … quiet

    b) (AmL) ‹ persona› to get … to be quiet, to shut … up (colloq)

    callarse verbo pronominal

    ◊ ¡cállate! be quiet!, shut up! (colloq);

    cuando entró todos se calleon when he walked in everyone went quiet o stopped talking;
    la próxima vez no me calleé next time I'll say something
    b) ( no decir) ‹ noticia› to keep … quiet, keep … to oneself

    calle sustantivo femenino
    1 ( vía) street;
    calle ciega (Andes, Ven) dead end, cul-de-sac (BrE);
    calle de dirección única or (Col) de una vía one-way street;

    hoy no he salido a la calle I haven't been out today;
    el libro saldrá a la calle mañana the book comes out tomorrow;
    el hombre de la calle the man in the street;
    el lenguaje de la calle colloquial language;
    echar a algn a la calle to throw sb out (on the street);
    en la calle ‹estar/quedar› ( en la ruina) penniless;

    ( sin vivienda) homeless;
    ( sin trabajo) out of work
    2 (Esp) (en atletismo, natación) lane;
    ( en golf) fairway
    callar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (parar de hablar) to stop talking: calla un momento, ¿qué ruido es ése?, be quiet, what's that noise?
    2 (no decir nada) to keep quiet, say nothing: tus ojos asienten y tu boca calla, your eyes say it all
    II verbo transitivo (dejar de dar una noticia) not to mention o to keep to oneself: desconfía de sus palabras, callarán la verdad, you can't trust what they're saying, they are going to hush up the truth
    ♦ Locuciones: ¡calla!, (para indicar sorpresa) never!: ¡calla, no me digas que se casó!, did she really marry?
    hacer callar, (hacer que alguien pare de hablar) to get someone to be quiet
    (silenciar) to silence: ¡no podrán hacernos callar! they can't make us keep our mouths shut
    quien calla otorga, silence speaks volumes
    calle sustantivo femenino
    1 street, road
    calle cortada, cul-de-sac, dead end
    calle mayor, high street, US main street
    2 Dep (de una pista, un circuito) lane
    ♦ Locuciones: echarse a la calle: los vecinos se echaron a la calle, the residents took to the streets
    familiar en la calle, (sin trabajo) con esa ley, miles de obreros se quedaron en la calle, thousands of workers were put out of a job
    hacer la calle, to be a prostitute o to prostitute oneself o to walk the streets
    poner a alguien (de patitas) en la calle, to throw sb out into the street
    (en el trabajo) to give sb the boot
    el hombre de la calle, the man in the street
    una mujer de la calle, a prostitute
    llevarse de calle, to win easily
    tirar/coger por la calle de en medio, to bowl sb over
    traer/llevar por la calle de la amargura, to give sb a difficult time
    ' calle' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abajo
    - abordar
    - achuchar
    - amargura
    - ancha
    - ancho
    - aparcamiento
    - atinar
    - atracador
    - atracadora
    - atravesar
    - cabo
    - caca
    - cariño
    - colapso
    - deferencia
    - descolgarse
    - desembocar
    - digna
    - digno
    - dupdo
    - ensanchar
    - ensordecer
    - equivocarse
    - foco
    - gorro
    - horda
    - hormiguear
    - invadir
    - isleta
    - lateral
    - manzana
    - mayor
    - mujer
    - obra
    - ojo
    - pajarito
    - papelera
    - pasar
    - paseo
    - pavimento
    - portal
    - precaución
    - próxima
    - próximo
    - regar
    - robar
    - sita
    - sito
    - sola
    English:
    across
    - activity
    - anybody
    - barricade
    - block off
    - boom box
    - boot out
    - bootleg
    - bottom
    - busk
    - collapse
    - common
    - commotion
    - continuation
    - corner
    - crescent
    - cross
    - decorate
    - distraught
    - down
    - drain
    - end
    - evict
    - front door
    - go along
    - gutter
    - high street
    - hold on
    - hoodlum
    - illuminate
    - illumination
    - lane
    - lead off from
    - length
    - look at
    - main
    - map
    - mend
    - middle
    - multinational
    - off
    - on
    - one-way
    - open out
    - out
    - out of
    - outdoor
    - over
    - peddle
    - pedestrianize
    * * *
    calle nf
    1. [en población] street, road;
    cruzar la calle to cross the street o road;
    calle arriba/abajo up/down the street o road;
    tres calles más abajo three blocks further down;
    Fam
    echar o [m5] tirar por la calle de en medio to go ahead regardless;
    hacer la calle [prostituta] to walk the streets;
    traer o [m5] llevar a alguien por la calle de la amargura to put sb through hell, to make sb's life hell;
    RP Fam
    tener calle to know what's what, to be street smart
    Ven calle ciega dead end, blind alley;
    calle cortada: [m5] hay cuatro calles cortadas en el centro four streets Br in the city centre o US downtown are closed to traffic;
    calle cortada (por obras) [en letrero] road closed (for repairs);
    CSur calle cortada dead end, blind alley;
    calle de doble dirección two-way street;
    calle mayor high street, US main street;
    calle peatonal pedestrian Br street o US zone;
    calle principal main street;
    RP calle de una mano one-way street; Col calle de una vía one-way street
    2. [lugar en el exterior]
    la calle the street;
    se pasa el día en la calle she is always out;
    salgo un momento, ¿quieres algo de la calle? I'm just popping out, can I get you anything (from the shops)?;
    no grites, te puede oír toda la calle don't shout, the whole neighbourhood can hear you;
    dejar o [m5] poner a alguien en la calle [sin trabajo] to put sb out of a job;
    [sin casa] to throw sb out;
    echar a alguien a la calle [de un trabajo] to sack sb;
    [de un lugar público] to kick o throw sb out;
    echarse a la calle [manifestarse] to take to the streets;
    el asesino está en la calle tras pasar años en la cárcel the murderer is out after spending years in prison;
    salir a la calle [salir de casa] to go out
    3. [ciudadanía]
    la calle the public;
    ¿qué se opina en la calle? what does the man in the street think?;
    el lenguaje de la calle everyday language
    4. Esp [en atletismo, natación] lane;
    la calle de dentro/de fuera the inside/outside lane
    5. [en golf] fairway
    * * *
    f
    1 street;
    echar a alguien a la calle fig throw s.o out on the street;
    quedarse en la calle fig fall on hard times;
    llevarse a alguien de calle have s.o. chasing after one;
    llevar a alguien por la calle de la amargura make s.o.’s life a misery;
    de prostituta turn tricks fam, Br
    walk the streets
    2 DEP lane
    * * *
    calle nf
    : street, road
    * * *
    1. (en general) street
    ¿en qué calle vives? which street do you live in?

    Spanish-English dictionary > calle

  • 4 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

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